endometrium

Menorrhagia – Introduction

July 7, 2011

MenstruationMenorrhagia is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. Causes may be due to abnormal blood clotting, disruption of normal hormonal regulation of periods or disorders of the endometrial lining of the uterus. Depending upon the cause, it may be associated with abnormally painful periods (dysmenorrhea). Adapted from the Wikipedia article Menorrhagia, [...]No related posts.

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Cervical dilation – Labor

July 5, 2011

MenstruationIn the later stages of pregnancy, the cervix may already have opened up to 1-3 cm (or more in rarer circumstances), but during labor, repeated uterine contractions lead to further widening of the cervix to about 6 centimeters. From that point, pressure from the presenting part (head in vertex births or bottom in breech births), [...]No related posts.

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Pyometra – Cause of pyometra

July 3, 2011

ProgesteronePyometra is a result of hormonal and structural changes in the uterus lining. This can happen at ”any” age, whether she has bred or not, and whether it is her 1st or 10th heat (although it becomes more common as the dog gets older). The main risk period for a female is for eight weeks [...]No related posts.

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Pyometra – Cause of pyometra

July 3, 2011

ProgesteronePyometra is a result of hormonal and structural changes in the uterus lining. This can happen at ”any” age, whether she has bred or not, and whether it is her 1st or 10th heat (although it becomes more common as the dog gets older). The main risk period for a female is for eight weeks [...]No related posts.

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Ovulation – A closer look at the process

July 1, 2011

Follicle-stimulating Hormonethumb|300px|Menstrual cycle. Ovulation in middle. Strictly defined, the ovulatory phase spans the period of hormonal elevation in the menstrual cycle. The process requires a maximum of thirty-six hours to complete, and it is arbitrarily separated into three phases: periovulatory, ovulatory, and postovulatory. Prerequisite events Through a process that takes approximately 375 days, or thirteen menstrual [...]No related posts.

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Endometrial hyperplasia – Introduction

July 1, 2011

EstrogenEndometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the endometrium, or inner lining of the uterus. Most cases of endometrial hyperplasia result from high levels of estrogens, combined with insufficient levels of the progesterone-like hormones which ordinarily counteract estrogen’s proliferative effects on this tissue. This may occur in a number of [...]No related posts.

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Endometrium – Histology

July 1, 2011

Menstrual cycleThe endometrium consists of a single layer of columnar epithelium, resting on a layer of connective tissue, which varies in thickness according to hormonal influences – the ”stroma”. Simple tubular uterine glands reach from the endometrial surface through to the base of the stroma, which also carries a rich blood supply of spiral arteries. In [...]No related posts.

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Hormonal contraception – Mechanism of action

July 1, 2011

The effect of hormonal agents on the reproductive system is complex. Overall, while secondary methods have been theorized, combined hormonal contraceptives work by preventing ovulation. Progestin-only contraceptives can also prevent ovulation, but rely significantly on secondary mechanisms such as the thickening of cervical mucus. Ormeloxifene does not affect ovulation, and its mechanism of action is [...]No related posts.

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Hormonal contraception – Mechanism of action

July 1, 2011

The effect of hormonal agents on the reproductive system is complex. Overall, while secondary methods have been theorized, combined hormonal contraceptives work by preventing ovulation. Progestin-only contraceptives can also prevent ovulation, but rely significantly on secondary mechanisms such as the thickening of cervical mucus. Ormeloxifene does not affect ovulation, and its mechanism of action is [...]No related posts.

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Ulipristal acetate – Pharmacodynamics

July 1, 2011

ProgesteroneAs a SPRM, ulipristal acetate has partial agonistic as well as antagonistic effects on the progesterone receptor. It also binds to the glucocorticoid receptor, but has no relevant affinity to the estrogen, androgen and mineralocorticoid receptors. Phase II clinical trials suggest that the mechanism might consist of blocking or delaying ovulation and of delaying the [...]No related posts.

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